Erythropoietin Is It Worth It - 1542 Words

Erythropoietin: Is it worth it? Carriella Starnes Emory Henry College Over a century ago Eugene Goldwasser and Takaji Miyake worked together in Chicago to synthesize the human hormone erythropoietin, better known as EPO. It took over 10 years for EPO to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration to be used solely for patients with anemia. EPO is naturally produced by the kidneys and is sensitive to the oxygen levels in the blood. When oxygen levels are too low, EPO is released and stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. Often times a low oxygen level in the blood can indicate that a person has anemia, which is a â€Å"condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Genius as it was, the system soon caught up and cheating the test became harder (Hopkins, 2000). In the 2004 Olympic games they solely used urine samples to test for synthetic EPO (or rhEPO) in the system, which proved to be a much more accurate way to get results (â€Å"EPO detection†, 2015). Now there are more ways than one to obtain higher levels of EPO. More recently the use of hyperbaric chambers has increased in use by athletes. Hyperbaric chambers increase our oxygen intake from 25% to around 50% by forcing pure oxygen into the lungs which increases oxygen delivery, and thus recovery time is shortened (â€Å"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for athletes†, 2015). Many professional athletes have used these chambers to assist in injury recovery and recuperation after performances. These aren’t just used for athletes, though; hyperbaric chambers work very well to aid in the management of diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, and rehabilitation after surgeries (Howell, n.d.). A tool that may be a little more common is an elevation training mask; these masks are designed to simulate training in higher altitudes by restricting the amount of air one can breathe in. When the amount of oxygen someone breathes in is reduced hemoglobin is produced a t a higher rate, which then transports more oxygen and creates a higher amount ofShow MoreRelatedShould Blood Doping Be Illegal or Legal in Sports?1499 Words   |  6 Pagesthem to keep training at high level because they don’t have to sacrifice their own blood. Since nobody wants to receive the negative effects of doing blood doping, whether it is hemoglobin or autoglobin, they found another way such as using the Erythropoietin (EPO). It is a hormone within the body that stimulates production of red blood cells in the body. Over the years, they were able to reproduce it using recombinant DNA technology. It was originally reproduce to help people who suffered from kidneyRead MoreThe Drug Of Red Blood Cells1568 Words   |  7 Pages Erythropoietin is a hormone that is produced by the kidneys in response to a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells in circulation (2). From the kidneys, erythropoietin (EPO) enters the blood stream and enters the bone marrow where it stimulates an increase in the production of red blood cells (1, 2). This mechanism functions as a negative feedback loop since the signaling of an increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to an increased number of red blood cellsRead MoreBlood D oping, Human Growth Hormones, Steroid, Beta 2 Agonists1526 Words   |  7 PagesErythropoietin (EPO), blood doping, human growth hormones, steroid, beta-2 agonists. These are a few substances that come into mind when discussing the topic performance enhancing drug also known as doping. Doping is defined as the use of drugs to enhance performance and gain advantage over the other competitors, and it has been an ongoing problem in the sport community since the early centuries, with an increasing trend showing today. Envision yourself competing against an opponent who has beenRead MoreCompetitive Sport And Its Effect On Sports724 Words   |  3 Pageschilling rates. The 2014 Super Bowl alone generated nearly $4 billion in illegal bets. Many experts and government officials are calling for a crackdown on the illegal gambling syndicates that are laundering and hiding filthy amounts of illegal profits worth up to hundreds of millions of dollars. This problem is due nearly solely to te levised sports and the grubby, grimy gambling culture surrounding it. It is just so blatantly obvious that we as a society would be better off without this lowlife industryRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs. . Performance-Enhancing Drugs1580 Words   |  7 PagesDrugs Performance-enhancing drugs (PED s) have been an issue for many decades now for the medical and sports field. Olympic and professional athletes have been using them to gain an upper hand on the competition, but some may ask if it s really worth it? Studies show that performance-enhancing drugs have been proven to negatively affect the health of athletes who take them. Simply put, performance-enhancing drugs could either improve athletic performance or can be extremely dangerous, in certainRead More Steroids In Sport Essay695 Words   |  3 Pagesnecessary to use so they can perform better. Some users also experience depression during parts of the cycles when taking the drug.Anabolic steroids are illegal and are sold over the black market and there are different kinds. To name some there are Erythropoietin, stimulants, clenbuterol and other drugs that are marketed as steroid alternatives. Without a prescription steroids are illegally sold. Besides steroids there are other performance enhancers that can be bought over the counter. They are androstenedioneRead MorePro Doping in Sports Debate825 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Risk If each of us ought to be free to assume risks that we think are worth taking, shouldnt athletes have the same freedom as anyone else? In particular, if athletes prefer the gains in performance allegedly provided by the use of steroids, along with the increased risk of harm to the alternative of less risk and worse performance, what gives anyone the right to interfere with their choice? After all, if we should not forbid smokers from risking their health by smoking, why should we prohibitRead MoreShould Blood Doping Be Legal?1836 Words   |  8 Pagesinjections of erythropoietin (EPO), and injections of synthetic oxygen carriers (Eichner). Blood transfusions come in two types: autologous transfusions and homologous transfusions. Autologous transfusions require the athlete to store some of their own blood prior to their competition and have it put back into them before the competition. Homologous transfusions differ in that the athlete has another individual s blood with the same blood type put into them. Injections of erythropoietin (EPO) involveRead MoreThe Use of Performance Drugs in Sports Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesrisks. â€Å"Take the time to learn about the potential benefits, the health risks and the many unknowns regarding so-called performance drugs such as anabolic steroids, androstenedione, human growth hormone, erythropoietin, diuretics, creating and stimulants you also may decide that the benefits arent worth the risks.†(Mayo Clinic) Like once some people choose to use drugs to help their performance, other athletes have their freedom of choice infringed upon: if they want to succeed they have to take drugsRead MoreEssay on Performance Enhancing Drugs 1810 Words   |  8 Pagessomebody’s PED problems. Although there are many reasons for athletes to choose to use these drugs, the cost of such use, both to the athlete and to society can be extraordinarily high. The question that many people must answer to themselves is â€Å"is it worth the risk†. Therefore, it is important to understand why performance-enhancing drugs are used, the consequences of their use, and then apply that knowledge to how they are represented in the media. The first thing that we have to look at is why many

Landscape in the Classic Western Free Essays

The article â€Å"Landscape in the Western Classic text: Landscape in the Classic Hollywood Western† by Stanley Solomon focuses around the central claim that landscape is definitive to the film genre of Western, defining both plot and characterization. First, the severity of the barren landscape against which the plot of Western movies revolves suggests that the characters in the movie either have to be rugged or likely to fall prey to more rugged ones. Scarcely populated rural places allow for the clear-cut distinction between an honest group of citizens with local sheriff as their leader and a gang of immoral criminals. We will write a custom essay sample on Landscape in the Classic Western or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the landscape is clear-cut and straightforward, so are the characters and their moral traits. The same is true for sharply delineated codes of behavior that have to be grasped by both criminals and good guys. The severe natural and human environments, in which the characters of the Western have to act, develop skills crucial to survival, including â€Å"competence in the face of danger, courage, determination, and endurance† (Solomon 1976). The threat in most cases comes not from nature that, for all its mercilessness, is fair and predictable in its threats, but from human villains. The struggle between moral and immoral characters is the cornerstone of the plot. A peculiar environment often tells a lot about the women’s role. Most of female characters, exactly like men, should possess strength of character and survival skills that are looked up to by men. At the same time, women bring a humanizing effect to movies, supporting the value of human life. Western movies often call for insights into the past of the character, in contrast to urban movies where the emphasis is on the throbbing present of the city life. A Western character arrives at the scene a mature man, shaped by his past experiences, that often involve some indelible tragedy. Understanding a character’s past is essential, although information of it is often presented as a mere hint. â€Å"The interrelationships of landscape, characterization, and the past† form the central focus of the Western genre (Solomon 1976). Bibliography Solomon, Stanley. Beyond Formula: American Film Genres. 1976.       How to cite Landscape in the Classic Western, Essay examples

Mock Trial Reflection free essay sample

In our Civil case, I am Jean Welby, who is paul welby’s mother and also the witness of the case. I am 46years old,a stay home mum,living in 1703. w. sesame street. If I need to rate myself for the effort I put into my role, I think I will rate for 4 because everyday, I actively participated in our group discussion and I had read my deposition and the whole story for a a lot of times ,highlighted plenty of important sentences/imformation which could help me for our trail. Also, I prepared and wrote down the questions and answers that the plantiff attorney would ask me during the cross-examination. There is one thing that I am really proud of is that we finishd our whole trail in a right and fair process as well as I completed my witness job successfully. However,there is still one thing I need to do differently. We will write a custom essay sample on Mock Trial Reflection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I was reading Jean Welby’s deposition, there was one slang in it, I should ask my American Friends the meaning of the slang instead of using my own way to understand it . To be honest, this mock trail ,which I have never done before is really a good pratical experience for me. Through this imitation trail, I got a better,specific and deepen understanding about the trial and I learned about the leagal system in a more competitive manner. I feel I just experienced a real trail. It’s pretty cool ! Moreover,There are three things that I learned about the trail process from this experience that I didn’t know before I want to say. First, it is about the Baliff. Actually, before the mock trail, I never know there is baliff in the trail. But after experiencing, I know about that before every trail, we should have a baliff like Collin in our mock trail to ask every witness â€Å"do you swear to tell the truth,the whole truth, and nothing but the truth ,so help your god? † And at the same time,witness should raise their right hand and put their left hand on the bible. Another thing is about the â€Å"redirect† and â€Å"recross†. During the redirect and recorss, attorneys should question their own/other witnesses again,but must remain with the scope of what was discussed in cross-examination/redirect. Based on my knowledge about trail process , I didn’t know that the questions attorneys ask during the redirect and recross should be confined into the scope of what was discussed in cross-examination/redirect before. What I think is that attorneys can ask whatever they want to help their trail. The third thing I didn’t know before is about the leading questions. During our mock trail, we could always hear the attorneys will point the other sides’ attorneys didn’t ask the leading questions. When attorneys question witnesses , they must use leading questions which will not involve their own opinions, will not influence the evidence presented and will let witnesses to say the whole storys about the case. In addition, I think our trail was fair. There are some reasons as follows. We strictly followed the right trail process. We had opening statements, direct and cross examination, re-direct ,re-cross, closing statements,jury instructions, and the final verdict. Also, in my opinion, the plaintiff in our civil case met the required standard of proof. They did a good job on organizing and leading the group which include determine charges,accused and witness. They discussed with all the group members a lot and prepared a general plan to win the case. In our case, attorneys and witnesses work together very well,also you can see we have a lot of re-direct and re-cross going on which could provide more and more evidence to jurys. And all the questions that defense attorneys asked were all based on deliberation and deep discussion with group members . Also the questions they asked could help a lot to their sides. For example, our defense attorneys ask the plantiff witness Paul Welby that â€Å"Have his parents talked about the safety rules of driving before? † and â€Å"Did they know paul and Danny were drinking when they were out of the room? †Also they asked the plantiff witness â€Å"police† that â€Å"Whether Danny wore seat belt or not in the car accident? † These three examples all can help to build The Welbys image that they are very good people , they follow the rules and taught their son if he drinked too much, they could pick up him instead of driving by himself. Also they showed the jurys that Danny himself didn’t wear the seat belt when they were driving which directly caused himself serious injury . More importantly, they proved that Mr Welby and Mrs Welby couldn’t foreseen the outcome and injurys of Danny when they provided alcohol to Danny and Paul. According to the aboved reasons,the total money that Danny’s parents sued the welbys were so much and unreasonable. And Based on these information and reasons above, I disagree with the verdict. I think it should not be 50% ,50% for our both sides. We should get more than 50% support that the welbys should not pay Danny’s family that much money.